Creative Research for Advocacy:
Tips for Clinic Students and Others
Posted Feb. 5, 2009
Prepared by Mary Whisner for Gillian Dutton's Refugee and Immigrant
Advocacy Clinic students.
Law students learn early to find cases, statutes, and regulations. But what
do you do when you need to find medical studies or social work case studies?
You've learned how to write memos and briefs, but how do you approach creating a
brochure for people who aren't legally trained? This guide suggests some
sources and techniques.
Who else might be working on this?
Suppose your agency wants to help a special group of clients -- say,
immigrants with mental health problems or children who are the victims
of human trafficking. One question you might ask is: are there any
other legal organizations working on this? Another organization
might have materials that will help you. And you can share your work
with other groups.
SelfHelpSupport.org
"is meant to be a virtual meeting place for people involved with
providing pro se assistance or directing pro se and self help programs.
Through the site, the members can access the over 2,000 materials in
their virtual library, as well as take advantage of several groups or
listservs, receive a monthly newsletter, and network with other
professionals through their extensive roster, network calls, and
webinars."
"Members include judges, clerks, court staff, legal aid advocates,
bar association representatives, law school faculty, researchers, and
others who work to increase access to justice." Membership is free, but
you have to register. Access to some parts of the site is screened.
PSLawNet is a great resource.
You might have used it as a job-hunting tool, but it can do much more
than help you find a job ad.

Example: Search Organizations > Keyword: mental health and
Practice Area: Immigration. One of the hits gives
a profile for the Coalition to Abolish Slavery & Trafficking (CAST).
And that links to CAST's
website. Clicking on "News & Resources" leads to The
Child Trafficking Resource
Project (CTRP). (Searching for mental health turned up a great
resource on child trafficking: topics can overlap!)
Notes:
- Be flexible. Try more than one search.
- Don't get mired down reading every page of every organization's
website.
- Do try contacting organizations that have projects similar to
yours.
The ever-popular
Google is popular for a reason. It can find wonderful material!
Example: Google search: immigrant "mental health". First hit
is American Psychological Association's Public Policy Office,
The Mental
Health Needs of Immigrants. Another early hit is
UCLA's Center for Mental Health
in Schools' list of resources:
TOPIC:
Immigrant Students and Mental Health.
Try different searches: e.g., immigrant "mental health"
"cultural competency".
You can limit to a particular type of website -- e.g., trafficking
site:.org.
What other disciplines might be involved?
Think about what other professionals might be working with the groups
your organization serves -- social workers, nurses, doctors, educators,
psychologists. And then find out where they publish their studies,
handbooks, etc. A great starting point is the
UW Libraries Subject Guides.
Example: the Social Work page suggests using PsycInfo, an index of
articles and reports in psychology and related disciplines. Searching for
refugee and ptsd in keywords turns up hundreds of records, including
this one:

Searching for refugee ptsd in PubMed, the standard medical
database, retrieves many more, including:

When you work with a new database, it's generally safe to start off with
a keywords search. As you go on, try out an advanced search option if it's
available.
Look for a help screen that will tell you the search logic for this
database. For instance, in LexisNexis and Westlaw, you're used to truncating
a word with ! but in many databases you use another character. Your
search for immigra! (to pick up "immigration," "immigrant," etc.)
won't work if the database uses immigra* or immigra# or
immigra?. Some databases use different symbols for "and" and "or."
Look for descriptors (or subject headings) in a record you find that
seems relevant and use those in another search. Or scan abstracts for new
search terms to try.
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How do you write for a general audience?
You know that writing that is effective for, say, a moot court
competition will not work for your clients who are not legally
trained. The challenge is even greater when the clients have limited proficiency
in English.
Legal writing guides and general writing guides might help.
First, don't rule out legal writing guides. Sections on client letters
might help. Even sections on briefs and memos can help, because good legal
writing does
not have long, complex sentences, choked with legalese, unnecessary jargon,
and formulaic redundancies. If you improve your legal writing, you're very
likely to improve your writing for general audiences as well.
Legal & General
Writing Resources lists books in the Law Library and links to a variety
of websites.
Look at some examples of good legal writing for nonlawyers.
WashingtonLawHelp
is provided as a public service by the
Northwest Justice Project in collaboration with other legal aid
providers in the Alliance for Equal Justice and Washington courts. It has a
wide collection of fact sheets and guides, prepared by a variety of
organizations (e.g., the Attorney General's
Office and the Northwest Women's Law
Center) in addition to Northwest
Justice Project and Columbia
Legal Services.
Nolo.com is rich website, from the
leading publisher of self-help law books.
For books, see
Books for Nonlawyers in the Gallagher Law Library or search the catalog
with for
popular works.
The National Center for State Courts even has
two graphic
novels on legal topics.
Read advice advice about how to write for nonlawyers.
Plain Language.gov is a site
created by federal employees from many agencies.
Limited English Proficiency: A Federal
Interagency Website (LEP.gov) supports the federal government's programs
to make materials available to all. Unfortunately for your purposes, it does
not offer specific writing advice, and many of the documents are written in
a bureaucratic style.
The Law and Justice Foundation
of New South Wales offers a lot of helpful material (some of its own and
some by others), including:
Clarity is "an international
association promoting plain legal language." The following articles from its
journal are relevant to legal services projects in the U.S.:
- Kristin Kleimann et al.,
Removing Barriers to Food Stamp Assistance -- One Complex Form at a Time,
Clarity, May 2006, at 32. Describes how consultants helped governments
make food stamp applications easier to read.
- Sue Stableford et al.,
Know Your Rights: A Plain Language Series Illuminates Legal Issues for
Seniors, Clarity, May 2004, at 19. Describes how a legal aid group in
Maine set about creating a set of clear, accessible brochures.
- Debra Isabel Huron,
Testing plain language texts with adult learners, Clarity, May 2004,
at 24.
- Derrick Fine,
Plain Language and Developing Human Rights Materials, Clarity, July
2001, at 8. Describes a project in South Africa.
- Martin Cutts,
Lucid Layout, Clarity, Dec. 2000, at 5.
Transcend is a company that
provides translation, editing, and design services. It also has some very
helpful checklists and documents:
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Are there resources for working with clients from
different countries?
Legal Services Corporation,
Resources
for Serving Clients with Limited English Proficiency (LEP)
Washington State Coalition for Language Access
EthnoMed "contains information about
cultural beliefs, medical issues and other related issues pertinent to the
health care of recent immigrants to Seattle or the US, many of whom are
refugees fleeing war-torn parts of the world."
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